What makes text in print or online easy to read? Readability is something those with good young eyes take for granted, but older people and those with some degree of vision impairment often have difficulty accessing important information — in all sorts of documents, on labels (including drug and nutrition information labels), and on web sites.
It’s a critical issue for anyone who wants to reach the older population, and in particular the aging baby-boomers, whose vision problems are just now beginning to become widely prevalent. For those with vision problems, legibility can make the crucial difference between being able to read or access important information—or not.
Some years ago we wrote two brochures that have become very popular with both web and print designers that describe in simple terms some of the most important principles for how to make text and other visual objects stand out and be readable. While written with low vision in mind, these principles apply to make documents readable for those with normal vision as well, and are thus useful for any print and most web designs. PDFs of the brochures can be downloaded here (Making Text Legible) and here (Effective Color Contrast).
Here’s a list of research publications that informed the guidelines in these brochures:
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Knoblauch, K., & Arditi, A. (1989). Effects of character size and chromatic contrast on reading performance. 98–101. Download
Arditi, A., Knoblauch, K., & Grunwald, I. (1990). Reading with fixed and variable character pitch. JOSA A, 7(10), 2011–2015. Download
Arditi, A., Knoblauch, K., & Grunwald, I. (1990). Text density, eye movements, and reading. 38–44. Download
Knoblauch, K., Arditi, A., & Szlyk, J. (1991). Effects of chromatic and luminance contrast on reading. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 428–439. Download
Arditi, A., & Knoblauch, K. (1994). Choosing effective display colors for the partially sighted. SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, 25, 32–32. Download
Knoblauch, K., & Arditi, A. (1994). Choosing color contrasts in low vision: Practical recommendations. In A. C. Kooijman, P. L. Looijestijn, J. A. Guelling, & G. van der Wildt (Eds.), Low vision: Research and new developments in rehabilitation (pp. 199–203). IOS Press. Download
Arditi, A. (1994). On the relationship between letter acuity and reading acuity. In A. C. Kooijman, P. L. Looijestijn, J. A. Guelling, & G. van der Wildt (Eds.), Low vision: Research and new developments in rehabilitation (pp. 38–45). IOS Press. Download
Arditi, A., Cagenello, R., & Jacobs, B. (1995). Letter stroke width, spacing, and legibility. Vision Science and Its Applications, 1, 324–327. Download
Arditi, A., Cagenello, R., & Jacobs, B. (1995). Effects of aspect ratio and spacing on legibilty of small letters. Supplement to Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 36(4), 671.
Arditi, A., & Knoblauch, K. (1996). Effective color contrast and low vision. Functional Assessment of Low Vision. Mosbys Optometric Problem-Solving Series, USA: St. Louis–Mosby-Year Book, Inc, 129–135. Download
Arditi, A. (1996). Typography, print legibility and low vision. In R. Cole & B. Rosenthal (Eds.), Remediation and Management of Low Vision (pp. 237–248). Mosby. Download
Arditi, A., Liu, L., & Lynn, W. (1997). Legibility of outline and solid fonts with wide and narrow spacing. In D. Yager (Ed.), Trends in Optics and Photonics (Vol. 11). Optical Society of America. Download
Arditi, A., & Cho, J. (2000). Letter case and text legibility. Supplement to Perception, 29(45), 2011–2015.
Liu, L., & Arditi, A. (2001). How crowding affects letter confusions. Optometry and Vision Science, 78, 50–55. Download
Arditi, A. (2004). Selecting fonts for readers with low vision. In A. H. Lueck (Ed.), Functional vision: A practitioner’s guide to evaluation and intervention (pp. 419-421.). American Foundation for the Blind Press. Download
Arditi, A. (2005). Enhancing the visual environment for older and visually impaired persons. Alzheimer’s Care Today, 6(4), 294. Download
Arditi, A., & Cho, J. (2005). Serifs and font legibility. Vision Research, 45(23), 2926–2933. Download
Arditi, A., & Cho, J. (2007). Letter case and text legibility in normal and low vision. Vision Research, 47(19), 2499–2505. Download